Binary Types and None Type in Python

Binary Types:

Python provides three built-in binary types for working with binary data. These types are useful for tasks involving files, network communication, and memory-level operations.

1.) bytes:

• bytes is an immutable sequence of binary data (0s and 1s).
• It is defined by prefixing a string with a lowercase b, like b’hello’.

Example:

data = b'hello'
print(data)         # Output: b'hello'
print(type(data))   # Output: <class 'bytes'>

2.) bytearray:

• bytearray is a mutable sequence of binary data.
• Unlike bytes, you can change elements in a bytearray.

Example:

arr = bytearray(b'hello')
arr[0] = 72        # ASCII of 'H'
print(arr)         # Output: bytearray(b'Hello')

3.) memoryview:

• memoryview allows memory-level access to binary data without copying it.
• It is mainly used for performance optimization in large data operations.

Example:

data = bytearray(b'abc')
mv = memoryview(data)
print(mv[0])       # Output: 97 (ASCII of 'a')

None Type in Python:

The None type in Python represents the absence of a value, similar to null in other languages.

• It is used when a variable is declared but has no value assigned yet, or a function does not return anything explicitly.

Example:

x = None
print(x)            # Output: None
print(type(x))      # Output: <class 'NoneType'>

Another example (function with no return):

def greet():
    print("Hello!")

result = greet()
print(result)       # Output: None