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Basic Internet Protocols

Basic Internet Protocols

TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol. It is a connection-oriented protocol that ensures reliable data transmission between devices over a network.

  • Connection Establishment: TCP establishes a connection between the source and destination using a three-way handshake (SYN, SYN-ACK, ACK) before data transmission begins.
  • Reliability: TCP ensures that data is delivered accurately and in the correct order. If packets are lost or arrive out of order, TCP handles retransmission and reordering.
  • Flow Control: TCP manages the rate of data transmission based on the network’s capacity, preventing congestion.
  • Error Detection: TCP includes error-checking mechanisms to detect and correct errors in transmitted data.

IP stands for Internet Protocol. It is the fundamental protocol for routing and addressing packets of data so they can travel across networks and reach the correct destination.

  • Addressing: IP provides a unique address (IP address) for each device on a network, ensuring that data sent over the internet can reach the correct device.
  • Routing: IP determines the best path for data to travel from the source to the destination. Routers use IP addresses to forward packets between networks.
  • Packetization: IP breaks data into packets, each with a header containing the source and destination IP addresses, and a payload with the actual data. These packets are transmitted independently and can take different routes to the destination.
  • IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4): Uses 32-bit addresses, allowing for approximately 4.3 billion unique addresses (e.g., 192.168.1.1).
  • IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6): Uses 128-bit addresses, significantly increasing the number of possible addresses, essential for the growing number of internet-connected devices (e.g., 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334).

UDP stands for User Datagram Protocol. It is a connectionless protocol that allows for quick, low-latency data transmission without guaranteeing delivery.

  • Connectionless Communication: UDP sends data without establishing a connection, making it faster and more efficient for certain applications.
  • Low Overhead: UDP has a smaller header compared to TCP, resulting in lower overhead and faster transmission.
  • Best-effort Delivery: UDP does not guarantee packet delivery, order, or error checking. Applications using UDP must handle any necessary error checking and correction.

DNS stands for Domain Name System. It is a hierarchical and decentralized naming system used to translate human-readable domain names (e.g., www.bimstudies.com) into IP addresses that computers use to identify each other on the network.

  • Name Resolution: DNS resolves domain names to IP addresses, allowing users to access websites using easy-to-remember names instead of numeric IP addresses.
  • Hierarchical Structure: DNS has a hierarchical structure with different levels, including root, top-level domains (TLDs), and subdomains. Each level can be managed independently.
  • Distributed Database: DNS operates as a distributed database, with different servers responsible for different portions of the domain namespace. This distribution improves reliability and performance.

Domain names are human-readable, user-friendly names used to represent the numeric IP addresses of resources (such as websites or servers) on the internet.

domains

The Top-Level Domain is the last part of the domain name, appearing after the final dot. TLDs are divided into several categories, such as generic TLDs (gTLDs) and country-code TLDs (ccTLDs).

    Examples:

    • Generic TLDs (gTLDs): .com, .org, .net, .info
    • Country-Code TLDs (ccTLDs): .us (United States), .uk (United Kingdom), .de (Germany), .np (Nepal)

    The Second-Level Domain is the part of the domain name that directly precedes the TLD. It is often the most recognizable part of the domain and typically represents the organization, business, or entity that registered the domain.

      Example:
      In the domain name bimstudies.com, “bimstudies” is the Second-Level Domain.

      A subdomain is an optional part of the domain name that precedes the Second-Level Domain. Subdomains are used to organize or divide different sections of a website.

        Example:
        In the domain name blog.bimstudies.com, “blog” is the subdomain.

        • Human-Friendly: Domain names are easier for people to remember and use compared to numerical IP addresses.
        • Branding: A unique and memorable domain name is crucial for establishing an online presence and brand identity.
        • Navigation: Domain names provide a straightforward way to access websites and services on the internet.
        • SEO: A well-chosen domain name can positively impact search engine optimization (SEO) and online visibility.
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