Here is the key explanation of Introduction to SAP1 and SAP2:
SAP1 (Simple As Possible 1) and SAP2 (Simple As Possible 2) are educational microprocessor architectures designed to teach the fundamentals of computer organization and architecture.
• Both architectures were developed by Dr. Albert Paul Malvino and Dr. Jerald A. Brown.
• These systems are intentionally kept simple to make it easier for students to understand the basic concepts of a computer’s functioning.
SAP1 (Simple As Possible 1):
- Architecture:
‣ SAP1 is an 8-bit microprocessor.
‣ It consists of an instruction register, an arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), a control unit, and a clock.
‣ The instruction set is minimal, typically containing instructions for basic arithmetic and logic operations.
- Memory:
‣ SAP1 uses random access memory (RAM) for both data and instructions.
‣ The memory is organized into two sections: one for storing instructions and another for data.
- Programming:
‣ Programming for SAP1 is done using machine language instructions, and the system is manually controlled.
- Learning Objectives:
‣ SAP1 is designed to teach students the fundamental concepts of computer architecture, including instruction execution, memory, and the basic components of a CPU.
SAP2 (Simple As Possible 2):
- Architecture:
‣ SAP2 is an improvement over SAP1, featuring a more advanced architecture.
‣ It includes a more sophisticated instruction set, additional registers, and more complex control logic.
‣ SAP2 has separate buses for data and instructions, allowing for simultaneous instruction fetch and data transfer.
- Memory:
‣ Similar to SAP1, SAP2 uses RAM for both instructions and data.
‣ It may have a larger memory capacity compared to SAP1.
- Programming:
‣ Programming for SAP2 is typically done using assembly language, making it more accessible for students compared to the manual control of SAP1.
- Learning Objectives:
‣ SAP2 builds upon the concepts introduced by SAP1, providing students with a more realistic and feature-rich microprocessor architecture.
‣ It helps students understand more advanced topics such as instruction pipelining and improved instruction sets.
Difference between SAP1 and SAP2 computer architectures:
| Feature | SAP1 | SAP2 |
|---|---|---|
| Instruction Set | Basic instruction set with limited operations | Expanded instruction set with more operations |
| Accumulator | Single accumulator architecture | Dual accumulator architecture |
| Registers | Limited number of registers (e.g., PC, AC) | Expanded register set (e.g., PC, IR, AR, DR) |
| Addressing Modes | Mostly direct addressing modes | Addition of more addressing modes |
| Control Unit | Basic control unit with minimal complexity | More complex control unit for additional operations |
| Clock Speed | Typically slower clock speeds | Potentially faster clock speeds |
| Memory | Limited memory capacity (e.g., 16 words) | Expanded memory capacity (e.g., 64 words) |
| Applications | Educational purposes, basic simulations | More advanced simulations, small-scale tasks |
